Hvar, an island in the Adriatic Sea, holds a long and varied history. Its strategic position has drawn various civilizations, each leaving a mark on its architecture, customs, and identity. The island's cultural depth is reflected in its ancient towns, historic buildings, and enduring traditions.
01Ancient Roots: Greeks and Romans on Hvar
Hvar's documented history begins in 384 BCE when Greek colonists from Paros founded the settlement of Pharos, known today as Stari Grad. This made Stari Grad one of the oldest towns in Europe. The Stari Grad Plain, a UNESCO World Heritage site, is a well-preserved agricultural landscape established by these Greek settlers. The original land division, using dry stone walls, remains largely intact, demonstrating ancient Greek agronomic practices over 2400 years ago. Farmers still cultivate this land, growing olives and grapes.
Following the Greeks, the Romans arrived, integrating the island into their empire. Evidence of Roman villas, called 'villae rusticae', and various artifacts can be found across the island, particularly around Stari Grad and Hvar Town. The Romans further developed the island's infrastructure and introduced new agricultural techniques, contributing to the island's long tradition of viticulture and olive oil production.
02Venetian Dominance: Hvar's Golden Age
The most significant historical period for Hvar was its rule by the Venetian Republic, which lasted from 1420 to 1797. Under Venetian control, Hvar Town became a vital naval base and trading port, influencing much of the island's present-day architecture and culture. The Venetians fortified the island, built public buildings, and fostered artistic and cultural development.
Fortica (Spanish Fortress)
Perched above Hvar Town, Fortica, often called the Spanish Fortress, offers extensive views of the town, the Pakleni Islands, and the open sea. Its construction began in the 13th century, with significant rebuilding and expansion during the 16th century after a gunpowder explosion in 1571. The fortress served as a defense against Ottoman incursions and was later expanded by the Spanish, giving it its common name. Visitors can explore its ramparts and interior, which sometimes hosts small exhibitions. The Fortica typically opens daily from 09:00 to 20:00 during peak season, with an entrance fee of €10.00. The uphill walk from Hvar Town Square takes approximately 20-25 minutes.
St. Stephen's Square and Cathedral
Hvar Town's main square, Trg Svetog Stjepana (St. Stephen's Square), is Croatia's largest square. It functions as the central gathering place, framed by historic buildings. At its eastern end stands St. Stephen's Cathedral, dedicated to the patron saint of the Hvar diocese. The cathedral's present form is a result of various renovations, primarily from the 16th and 17th centuries, blending Gothic and Renaissance styles. Its bell tower is a prominent landmark. Inside, visitors can observe valuable altars, a choir, and various artworks. The cathedral is generally open for visits from 09:00 to 18:00, and entry is free, though donations are appreciated.
Hvar Arsenal and Public Theatre
Adjacent to St. Stephen's Square is the Hvar Arsenal, a vast building constructed in the 16th century for repairing Venetian galleons. On its upper floor, in 1612, Europe's first public theatre was established. This theatre was notable for allowing all social classes to attend performances, a revolutionary concept at the time. The theatre retains much of its original structure and design, though it has undergone renovations. Today, the Hvar Public Theatre hosts cultural events and is open for guided tours. Admission is €5.00, with typical tour hours from 10:00 to 14:00 daily, subject to performance schedules.
Loggia and Clock Tower
The Loggia and Clock Tower stand as elegant examples of Venetian civic architecture. The Loggia, part of the former Venetian Governor's Palace, served as a public space for meetings and judicial proceedings. Though the palace was largely destroyed, the Loggia and the adjacent Clock Tower remain, adding to the square's historic character.
03From Austrians to Modern Croatia
Following the fall of the Venetian Republic, Hvar briefly fell under French rule before becoming part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1818. During this period, Hvar's focus shifted towards tourism and health. The Hygienic Society of Hvar was founded in 1868, establishing Hvar as a health resort and making it one of the earliest organized tourist destinations in Europe. The first hotels were built, and the island gained recognition for its mild climate and beneficial air. After World War I, Hvar became part of Yugoslavia, and then independent Croatia in 1991.
04Cultural Expressions and Traditions
Hvar's culture is not only found in its historical sites but also in its living traditions and local practices.
Lavender Cultivation
Hvar is widely known as the “Lavender Island.” Lavender cultivation began in the early 20th century and quickly became an important economic activity, particularly in villages like Velo Grablje. The island's climate and soil are ideal for growing the aromatic plant. While its commercial scale has somewhat decreased, lavender remains a significant cultural symbol. Visitors can find various lavender products—oils, soaps, dried flowers—in local shops. The annual Lavender Festival in Velo Grablje celebrates this heritage, typically in late June.
Benedictine Nuns' Lace
Within the Benedictine Convent of St. Anthony and St. John the Baptist in Hvar Town, the Benedictine nuns produce a unique form of lace made from agave threads. This intricate craft, passed down through generations of nuns, is inscribed on UNESCO's Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. The delicate, white lace patterns are distinctive. The nuns' small shop is often open to visitors for purchases, generally between 10:00 and 12:00, but schedules can vary, so checking locally is advised.
Local Cuisine and Wine
Hvar's cuisine reflects its Mediterranean heritage and historical influences. Fresh seafood, olive oil, local herbs, and vegetables are central to dishes like 'gregada' (fish stew), 'peka' (meat or octopus baked under a bell-shaped lid), and various pasta dishes. The island has a long tradition of winemaking, with indigenous grape varieties such as Bogdanuša and Plavac Mali. Many small family wineries offer tastings and tours, providing insight into the island's viticultural history.
05Experiencing Hvar's Living Heritage
Travelers who appreciate architecture, ancient maritime history, and authentic island traditions will get the most out of Hvar. Before arriving, verify the convent shop hours if you want to see agave lace, and schedule time for tastings of Bogdanuša and Plavac Mali alongside visits to Fortica.
